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		<title>Edward de Bono</title>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:36pt;line-height:115%;">Edward de Bono</span></p>
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<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><strong><span style="color:black;"><span> </span></span></strong><strong><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Edward de Bono</span></strong><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> (born May 19, 1933, in </span><a title="Malta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Malta</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">) is a </span><a title="Maltese people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_people"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Maltese</span></a><span style="color:black;"> </span><a title="Physician" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">physician</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">, </span><a title="Author" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">author</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">, </span><a title="Inventor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">inventor</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">, and </span><a title="Organizational Psychology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_Psychology"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">consultant</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">. He is best known as the originator of the term </span><a title="Lateral thinking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">lateral thinking</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> and a proponent of the deliberate teaching of thinking as a subject in schools.</span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Edward de Bono studied at St Edward&#8217;s College in </span><a title="Malta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Malta</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> and gained a medical degree from the </span><a title="University of Malta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malta"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">University of Malta</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">. He was a Rhodes Scholar at </span><a title="Christ Church, Oxford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Christ Church, Oxford</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> where he gained an </span><a title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">M.A.</span></a><span style="color:black;"> </span><span style="color:black;">degree in psychology and physiology. He also has a </span><a title="Doctor of Philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"><span style="color:black;">Ph.D.</span></a><span style="color:black;"> degree and a </span><a title="Doctor of Philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy#United_Kingdom"><span style="color:black;">D.Phil.</span></a><span style="color:black;"> degree in Medicine from </span><a title="Cambridge University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"><span style="color:black;">Cambridge University</span></a><span style="color:black;">, a D.Des. degree (Doctor of Design) from the </span><a title="Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology"><span style="color:black;">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</span></a><span style="color:black;">, and an </span><a title="Doctor of Laws" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws"><span style="color:black;">LL.D.</span></a><span style="color:black;"> degree from the </span><a title="University of Dundee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dundee"><span style="color:black;">University of Dundee</span></a><span style="color:black;">. </span><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">He holds professorships at the Universities of Malta, Pretoria, Dublin City University, and the University of Central England. The New University of Advancing Technology in Phoenix AZ appointed Dr. de Bono Da Vinci Professor of Thinking in May 2005. He is among one of 27 European Union ambassadors for the European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009. </span><a title="http://create2009.europa.eu/ambassadors.html" href="http://create2009.europa.eu/ambassadors.html"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">website</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">He was formerly married, has two sons and resides on the </span><a title="Channel Islands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Channel Islands</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">.</span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">In 1969 de Bono founded the </span><a title="Cognitive Research Trust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Research_Trust"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Cognitive Research Trust</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> (CoRT) which continues to produce and promote material based on his ideas.</span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">He has written 82 books with translations into 41 languages. He has spent the last 30 years teaching thinking, including working with governments, corporations, organisations and individuals, speaking publicly or privately on many matters. He has started to set up the World Center for New Thinking, based in Malta, which he describes as a &#8220;kind of intellectual </span><a title="Red Cross" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Red Cross</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">&#8220;.</span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">In 1995, he created the futuristic documentary film, </span><a title="2040: Possibilities by Edward de Bono (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2040:_Possibilities_by_Edward_de_Bono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><em><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">2040: Possibilities by Edward de Bono</span></em></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">, a lecture designed to prepare an audience of viewers released from a cryogenic freeze for contemporary (2040) society.</span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">De Bono has detailed a range of &#8216;deliberate thinking methods&#8217; &#8211; applications emphasizing thinking as a deliberate act rather than a reactive one. His writing style has been lauded for being simple and practical. Avoiding academic terminology, he has advanced </span><a title="Applied psychology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_psychology"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">applied psychology</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> by making theories about </span><a title="Creativity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">creativity</span></a><span style="color:black;"> <span lang="EN-US">and </span></span><a title="Perception" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">perception</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> into usable tools.</span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">De Bono&#8217;s work has become particularly popular in the sphere of </span><a title="Business" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">business</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> &#8211; perhaps because of the perceived need to restructure </span><a title="Corporation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">corporations</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">, to allow more flexible working practices and to innovate in products and services. The methods have migrated into corporate training courses designed to help employees and executives </span><a title="Thinking outside the box" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_outside_the_box"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">think outside the box</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&quot;" lang="EN-US"> </span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;line-height:normal;"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&quot;" lang="EN-US">Direct Teaching of Thinking</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;" lang="EN-US">De Bono argues that most of the problems in thinking are at the perceptual level &#8211; that is, that many more mistakes are made by people jumping to the wrong conclusion than by behaving irrationally once all the relevant facts are known.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;" lang="EN-US">To address this problem, he created attention directing tools under the name of CoRT, later as DATT and also included as Code 2 in the de Bono Code.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;" lang="EN-US">As the name suggests, the tools operate by directing peoples&#8217; attention to different aspects of the situation for a couple of minutes. For example, an OPV (Other Peoples&#8217; View) prompts the thinker to list the people (or types of people) who would be affected by a proposed idea. The thinker is then required to imagine what effects that idea would have on each of these different people.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;" lang="EN-US">While this may sound like an exercise in altruism, it need not be. Say you&#8217;ve got a selfish desire (eg. you&#8217;re a kid wanting ice cream), then doing an OPV will help you anticipate and plan for other peoples&#8217; responses (eg. &#8220;Mummy, me and Jimmy were thinking that cleaning our rooms to your complete satisfaction might earn us both an ice cream. But we would have to eat these ice-creams immediately to avoid spoiling our dinner.&#8221;).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;line-height:normal;"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:&quot;" lang="EN-US">Schools from over twenty countries have included de Bono&#8217;s thinking tools into their curriculum</span></p>
<h3 style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span class="editsection"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Ideas</span></span><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"></span></h3>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">In 2000, de Bono advised a U.K </span><a title="Foreign Office" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Foreign Office</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> committee that the </span><a title="Arab-Israeli conflict" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Israeli_conflict"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Arab-Israeli conflict</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> might be due, in part, to low levels of </span><a title="Zinc" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">zinc</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> found in people who eat </span><a title="Unleavened bread" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unleavened_bread"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">unleavened bread</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">, a known side-effect of which is </span><a title="Aggression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">aggression</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">. He suggested shipping out jars of </span><a title="Marmite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmite"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Marmite</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> to compensate. </span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">He has suggested an alternative to the </span><a title="Penalty shootout" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">penalty shootout</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> when a </span><a title="Soccer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">soccer</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> match ends in a draw. If the number of times each goalkeeper touches the ball is recorded throughout the game the results can be compared in the event of a draw. The team whose goalkeeper has touched the ball more often is the loser. The winner will then be the team that has had more attempts at scoring goals and is more aggressive (and therefore exciting) in their style of play. This mechanism would avoid the tension of the penalty shoot out. However, some people argue that this method of deciding a drawn match completely ignores the goalkeeper&#8217;s skill which can win a game for a team. If the game goes to a penalty shootout, even though one team may have completely dominated the other, the goalkeeper has kept the scores level. Furthermore the goalkeeper can make highly skilled saves in a penalty shootout and defeat the better team.</span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">In 2007, his </span><a title="Septoe (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septoe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">Septoe</span></a><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US"> idea was given life through a new website. Septoes allow people to distill their wisdom into phrases of exactly seven words. </span></p>
<p style="background:#f8fcff none repeat scroll 0 0;"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono</span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">Edward de Bono is regarded by many as the leading authority in the field of creative thinking, innovation and the direct teaching of thinking as a skill. He is equally renowned for his development of the Six Thinking Hats® technique and the Direct Attention Thinking Tools™ (D.A.T.T.™) framework. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">Edward de Bono is the originator of the concept &#8211; and formal tools &#8211; of Lateral Thinking, which is now a part of language enjoying an entry in the Oxford Dictionary. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">Dr. de Bono was born in Malta. He was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, holds an M.A. in psychology and physiology from Oxford, a D. Phil in Medicine, a Ph.D. from Cambridge, a D. Des (Doctor of Design) from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology; an LL.D. from Dundee. He holds professorships at the Universities of Malta, Pretoria, Dublin City University, and the University of Central England. The New Univeristy of Advancing Technology in Phoenix, Arizona appointed Dr. de Bono Da Vinci Professor of Thinking in May 2005. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">His techniques and work focus on improving the elements that constitute a perception and the formal design and application of the frameworks required towards innovative and creative action. One may easily say that all the recent (past thirty years) focus on thinking, on creativity, on innovation, on frameworks beyond &#8216;x-storming&#8217; etc has taken its lead from Edward de Bono&#8217;s work.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">Whereas Rene Descartes propounded &#8220;cogito ergo sum&#8217; (I think therefore I am), <em><strong><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Edward de Bono proposes &#8216;ago ergo erigo&#8217; (I act therefore I construct/ act)</span></strong></em>. It is not enough to sit, (talk) and think: Action, together with an intentional design of the thought process, is required to constructively advance towards results and change. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">He has written 70 book with translations into 40 languages and has been invited to lecture in 58 countries. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">His methods are now mandatory on the school curriculum in many countries and widely used in others. These countries include Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Argentina, U.K., Italy, United Arab Emirates, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, The Baltic States, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Singapore, Malaysia, India, China, U.S.A., Russia. It is compulsory in all schools in Venezuela. In Malta there is a model show-case for the de Bono Thinking Tools within the national Education Department. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">The appeal of Dr. de Bono&#8217;s work is its simplicity and practicality. It can be used by four year olds and by senior executives; by Down Syndrome youngsters and Nobel Laureates. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">His instruction in thinking has been sought by many organisations: Boeing, BT (UK), Nokia (Finland), Mondadori (Italy), Sanofi (France), Rolex (Switzerland), Total (France), Siemens (Germany), 3M (Germany), Ericsson (Sweden), NTT (Japan), GM, Kraft (Switzerland), Nestle (Switzerland), Bouygues Construction (France), Bosch (Germany), Goldman Sachs, Ernst &amp; Young and many others. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">Dr. de Bono acts as advisor to various Governments, cities, regional Governments and global organisations dealing on a macro level with diverse topics including economy, unemployment, social policy, recidivism, pensions, health care, finance, transportation, education, conflict resolution, judicial processes, foresight scenario design etc. </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">Dr. de Bono was the Chairman of the Council of Young Enterprise Europe which had a membership of 1,500,000 youngsters across Europe, Israel and Russia who set up mini-businesses whilst at school. </span></p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">Dr. de Bono established the </span><a href="http://www.worldcentrefornewthinking.org/" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#1f3c7c;" lang="EN-US">World Centre for New Thinking</span></strong></a><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US"> which acts as a platform and channel to make visible New Thinking from any source. Democracies and representative organisations, due to their nature, cannot put forward new ideas. By definition &#8220;new ideas&#8221; are not representative of existing thinking. They are therefore high risk. Such organisations may be perfectly capable of having new ideas but cannot risk putting them forward. The specific function of the World Centre is to focus directly on new ideas and new possibilities: &#8220;hypothesis development.&#8221; </span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Verdana;color:#333333;" lang="EN-US">http://www.edwarddebono.com/about.htm</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:18pt;line-height:115%;color:#4f81bd;" lang="EN-US">Six thinking hats</span></p>
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<h1><span lang="EN-US">Six Thinking Hats</span></h1>
<h3><span lang="EN-US">Looking at a Decision from All Points of View</span></h3>
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<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">&#8220;Six Thinking Hats&#8221; is a powerful technique that helps you look at important decisions from a number of different perspectives. It helps you make better decisions by pushing you to move outside your habitual ways of thinking. As such, it helps you understand the full complexity of a decision, and spot issues and opportunities which you might otherwise not notice.</p>
<p>Many successful people think from a very rational, positive viewpoint, and this is part of the reason that they are successful. Often, though, they may fail to look at problems from emotional, intuitive, creative or negative viewpoints. This can mean that they underestimate resistance to change, don&#8217;t make creative leaps, and fail to make essential contingency plans.</span></p>
<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">Similarly, pessimists may be excessively defensive, and people used to a very logical approach to problem solving may fail to engage their creativity or listen to their intuition.</p>
<p>If you look at a problem using the Six Thinking Hats technique, then you&#8217;ll use all of these approaches to develop your best solution. Your decisions and plans will mix ambition, skill in execution, sensitivity, creativity and good contingency planning.</span></p>
<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">This tool was created by Edward de Bono in his book <span class="bodytext1">&#8220;6 Thinking Hats&#8221;</span>.</span></p>
<h2><span class="heading2"><span lang="EN-US">How to Use the Tool:</span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-US">To use Six Thinking Hats to improve the quality of your decision-making, look at the decision &#8220;wearing&#8221; each of the thinking hats in turn.</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">Each &#8220;Thinking Hat&#8221; is a different style of thinking. </span>These are explained below:</p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font-family:&quot;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="heading2"><strong><span lang="EN-US">White Hat:</span></strong></span><span lang="EN-US"><br />
With this thinking hat, you focus on the data available. Look at the information you have, and see what you can learn from it. Look for gaps in your knowledge, and either try to fill them or take account of them.</p>
<p>This is where you analyze past trends, and try to extrapolate from historical data.</span></p>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font-family:&quot;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US">Red Hat:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><br />
Wearing the red hat, you look at the decision using intuition, gut reaction, and emotion. Also try to think how other people will react emotionally, and try to understand the intuitive responses of people who do not fully know your reasoning.</span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family:Calibri;" lang="EN-US">Black Hat:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><br />
When using black hat thinking, look at things pessimistically, cautiously      and defensively. Try to see why ideas and approaches might not work. This      is important because it highlights the weak points in a plan or course of      action. It allows you to eliminate them, alter your approach, or prepare      contingency plans to counter problems that arise. </span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:36pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Black Hat thinking helps to make your plans tougher and more resilient. It can also help you to spot fatal flaws and risks before you embark on a course of action. Black Hat thinking is one of the real benefits of this technique, as many successful people get so used to thinking positively that often they cannot see problems in advance, leaving them under-prepared for difficulties.</span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family:Calibri;" lang="EN-US">Yellow Hat:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><br />
The yellow hat helps you to think positively. It is the optimistic      viewpoint that helps you to see all the benefits of the decision and the      value in it, and spot the opportunities that arise from it. Yellow Hat      thinking helps you to keep going when everything looks gloomy and      difficult. </span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:36pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Symbol;" lang="EN-US"><span>·<span style="font-family:&quot;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US">Green Hat:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><br />
The Green Hat stands for creativity. This is where you can develop creative solutions to a problem. It is a freewheeling way of thinking, in which there is little criticism of ideas. A whole range of </span><a href="http://www.mindtools.com/pages/main/newMN_CT.htm"><span style="color:black;" lang="EN-US">creativity tools</span></a><span lang="EN-US"> can help you here.</span></p>
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<li class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family:Calibri;" lang="EN-US">Blue Hat:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><br />
The Blue Hat stands for process control. This is the hat worn by people      chairing meetings. When running into difficulties because ideas are      running dry, they may direct activity into Green Hat thinking. When      contingency plans are needed, they will ask for Black Hat thinking, and so      on. </span></li>
</ul>
<p><span lang="EN-US">You can use Six Thinking Hats in meetings or on your own. In meetings it has the benefit of defusing the disagreements that can happen when people with different thinking styles discuss the same problem.</p>
<p>A similar approach is to look at problems from the point of view of different professionals (e.g. doctors, architects, sales directors) or different customers.</span></p>
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<h2><span class="heading2"><span lang="EN-US">Example:</span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></h2>
<p><span lang="EN-US">The directors of a property company are looking at whether they should construct a new office building. The economy is doing well, and the amount of vacant office space is reducing sharply. As part of their decision they decide to use the 6 Thinking Hats technique during a planning meeting.</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">Looking at the problem with the <strong>White Hat</strong>, they analyze the data they have. They examine the trend in vacant office space, which shows a sharp reduction. They anticipate that by the time the office block would be completed, that there will be a severe shortage of office space. Current government projections show steady economic growth for at least the construction period.</span></p>
<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">With <strong>Red Hat </strong>thinking, some of the directors think the proposed building looks quite ugly. While it would be highly cost-effective, they worry that people would not like to work in it.</span></p>
<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">When they think with the <strong>Black Hat</strong>, they worry that government projections may be wrong. The economy may be about to enter a &#8216;cyclical downturn&#8217;, in which case the office building may be empty for a long time.</span></p>
<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">If the building is not attractive, then companies will choose to work in another better-looking building at the same rent.</span></p>
<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">With the <strong>Yellow Hat</strong>, however, if the economy holds up and their projections are correct, the company stands to make a great deal of money.</span></p>
<p class="bodytext"><span lang="EN-US">If they are lucky, maybe they could sell the building before the next downturn, or rent to tenants on long-term leases that will last through any recession.</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">With <strong>Green Hat </strong>thinking they consider whether they should change the design to make the building more pleasant. Perhaps they could build prestige offices that people would want to rent in any economic climate. Alternatively, maybe they should invest the money in the short term to buy up property at a low cost when a recession comes.</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US">The <strong>Blue Hat </strong>has been used by the meeting&#8217;s Chair to move between the different thinking styles. He or she may have needed to keep other members of the team from switching styles, or from criticizing other peoples&#8217; points.</span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US"><span> </span>Book by Edward de Bono</span><span class="heading2"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></h2>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjSjZOjNIJg</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkgVzMu_W44~</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">http://www.edwarddebonofoundation.com</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;line-height:115%;" lang="EN-US">http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_07.htm</span></p>
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		<title>Edward de Bono &#8211; Dossier Miguel</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2009 10:46:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>miguelpsi</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[miguel]]></category>

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		<title>Six Hats</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2009 10:36:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>telmorenato</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[renato]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Edward de Bono, o autor deste livro, é um médico e psicólogo que tem vindo a revolucionar o modo como as pessoas pensam e encaram o pensamento. Com mais de 60 livros publicados e traduzidos em 37 línguas, o Dr. De Bono é considerado uma autoridade mundial no que respeita ao pensamento criativo, tendo introduzido [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=psico0809.wordpress.com&amp;blog=4871499&amp;post=544&amp;subd=psico0809&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="abstractBody">Edward de Bono, o autor deste livro, é um médico e psicólogo que tem vindo a revolucionar o modo como as pessoas pensam e encaram o <a class="tags" href="https://psico0809.wordpress.com/tags/pensamento/"><span>pensamento</span></a>. Com mais de 60 livros publicados e traduzidos em 37 línguas, o Dr. De Bono é considerado uma autoridade mundial no que respeita ao pensamento criativo, tendo introduzido pela primeira vez o conceito de <em>pensamento <a class="tags" href="https://psico0809.wordpress.com/tags/lateral/"><span>lateral</span></a></em>. Os seus contributos têm vindo a ser implementados a nível organizacional um pouco por todo o mundo, tendo ele colaborado, como consultor, com gigantes como a IBM, a Du Pont, a British Airways ou a Ericsson.<br />
Em “Six Thinking Hats” (1983), De Bono apresenta o método com o mesmo nome, de sua autoria, e que consiste na divisão dos pensamentos em seis categorias (ou “ <a class="tags" href="https://psico0809.wordpress.com/tags/chap%C3%A9us/"><span>chapéus</span></a>”) distintas:<br />
-         o White Hat  (“chapéu branco”), que diz respeito à informação que é conhecida ou necessária, aos <a class="tags" href="https://psico0809.wordpress.com/tags/factos/"><span>factos</span></a> relevantes para o problema em causa; aqui apenas se lida com factos, com informação objectiva;<br />
-         o Yellow Hat (“chapéu amarelo”), que simboliza o pensamento optimista, isto é, quais as vantagens e benefícios obteníveis através da implementação de cada ideia;<br />
-         o Black Hat (“chapéu preto”), que simboliza uma atitude de crítica e julgamento (precauções e possíveis efeitos negativos das <a class="tags" href="https://psico0809.wordpress.com/tags/ideias/"><span>ideias</span></a>); convém não usar em excesso;<br />
-         o Red Hat (“chapéu vermelho”), que corresponde à intuição, aos pressentimentos, às emoções;<br />
-         o Green Hat (“chapéu verde”), que se foca nas várias possibilidades, alternativas e novas sugestões, abrindo caminho para o uso da <a class="tags" href="https://psico0809.wordpress.com/tags/criatividade/"><span>criatividade</span></a>; aqui pode recorrer-se ao pensamento lateral;<br />
-         e, finalmente, o Blue Hat (“chapéu azul”), utilizado para gerir todo o processo, visando assegurar que os pressupostos inerentes ao uso dos restantes “chapéus” são cumpridos; aqui faz-se o ponto da situação e estabelecem-se os passos seguintes.<br />
De Bono introduz esta sua teoria explicando que a principal dificuldade inerente ao acto de pensar reside no facto de, quando pensamos, estarmos a lidar simultaneamente com emoções, factos, lógica, criatividade, etc. É esta amálgama de dimensões do pensamento que o torna bastante mais complexo e demorado.. O que a Teoria dos Seis Chapéus vem sugerir é, precisamente, a separação entre os vários tipos de pensamento, de forma a conseguir-se obter maior clareza e lucidez.<br />
Este método permite aos intervenientes (no caso de uma tomada de decisão em grupo) interiorizarem um determinado modo de pensar e focarem-se nele, trocando depois de “chapéu” sempre que necessário. O recurso às seis cores permite visualizar e identificar mais claramente o tipo de pensamento pretendido; para além disso, porque as pessoas passam a ter consciência de que há pelo menos seis tipos de abordagem distintos para o problema em questão, cada uma delas é forçada a encará-lo sob várias formas, aumentando-se assim drasticamente a possibilidade de surgirem ideias inovadoras.<br />
Uma outra vantagem deste método é o facto de todos os intervenientes estarem direccionados, simultaneamente, para o mesmo tipo de pensamento, pelo que as tradicionais técnicas de argumentação e contra-argumentação são substituídas por um processo criativo amigável (um “brainstorming”, em que todos trabalham juntos para atingir os objectivos pretendidos). De Bono denominou este “pensar conjunto” de pensamento paralelo, por oposição à tradicional situação em que o principal objectivo dos intervenientes é provar que os adversários estão errados e ganhar a discussão.<br />
O método dos “Six Thinking Hats” tem sido utilizado com grande sucesso quer a nível pessoal quer a nível organizacional, nomeadamente incrementando a eficiência “cerebral” dosindivíduos e do grupo, e reduzindo o tempo necessário à tomada de decisão para menos de metade do que habitualmente se verifica. Um exemplo de sucesso ocorreu na McDonald´s do Japão, que começou em Janeiro de 2000 a dar formação relativa ao método dos “Six Hats” e às técnicas de Pensamento Lateral aos seus <a class="tags" href="https://psico0809.wordpress.com/tags/cerca/"><span>cerca</span></a> de 800 trabalhadores internos (começando pelos membros da Direcção). A adesão superou em muito as expectativas: por volta de Fevereiro do ano seguinte, já todos os trabalhadores teriam recebido a formação (voluntária), e menos de um ano após a implementação desta os resultados eram já visíveis: redução da duração das reuniões em cerca de 25%; cultura empresarial mais positiva, através da progressiva diminuição de pensamentos do tipo “Black Hat”; comunicação mais aberta e generalizada no seio da empresa.<br />
 Um outro exemplo data de 1996, altura em que veio a público a notícia da carne de vaca contaminada pela BSE, o que resultou numa imediata retracção do respectivo consumo. A braços com o súbito choque no negócio (uma quebra nas receitas de cerca de 86%, literalmente da noite para o dia), os gestores de um importante fornecedor britânico deste tipo de carne teriam provavelmente necessitado de semanas de reuniões convencionais até chegarem a uma decisão sobre qual a estratégia a adoptar. Ao invés disso, resolveram pôr em prática as técnicas de De Bono. Os resultados foram animadores: em não mais que 60 minutos, 12 membros do corpo gerente “produziram” 30 ideias inovadoras destinadas a reduzir os custos de produção e 35 outras relativas à estratégia comercial a seguir para salvar a empresa da falência. Dentre as sugestões que foram postas em prática contam-se algumas que aparentariam ser despropositadas, à primeira vista, dadas as circunstâncias (como um aumento maciço do investimento, por forma a aproveitar benefícios concedidos pelo Estado), mas que se revelaram acertadas. A empresa saiu reforçada da crise, tendo enfrentado e superado 6 semanas de receitas nulas.</div>
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			<media:title type="html">telmorenato</media:title>
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		<title>Edward De Bono Dossier</title>
		<link>http://psico0809.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/edward-de-bono-dossier/</link>
		<comments>http://psico0809.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/edward-de-bono-dossier/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2009 10:32:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ruimarques2008</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[rui marques]]></category>

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		<title>edward de bono (joao)</title>
		<link>http://psico0809.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/edward-de-bono-joao/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 07 May 2009 10:29:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>joao100017</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[joão]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Edward de Bono (born May 19, 1933, in Malta) is a Maltese physician, author, inventor, and consultant. He is best known as the originator of the term lateral thinking and a proponent of the deliberate teaching of thinking as a subject in schools. Biography Edward de Bono studied at St Edward&#8217;s College in Malta and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=psico0809.wordpress.com&amp;blog=4871499&amp;post=539&amp;subd=psico0809&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Edward de Bono (born May 19, 1933, in <a title="Malta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta">Malta</a>) is a <a title="Maltese people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_people">Maltese</a> <a title="Physician" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician">physician</a>, <a title="Author" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author">author</a>, <a title="Inventor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventor">inventor</a>, and <a title="Organizational Psychology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_Psychology">consultant</a>. He is best known as the originator of the term <a title="Lateral thinking" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_thinking">lateral thinking</a> and a proponent of the deliberate teaching of thinking as a subject in schools.</p>
<p>Biography</p>
<p>Edward de Bono studied at St Edward&#8217;s College in <a title="Malta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta">Malta</a> and gained a medical degree from the <a title="University of Malta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Malta">University of Malta</a>. He was a Rhodes Scholar at <a title="Christ Church, Oxford" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a> where he gained an <a title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)">M.A.</a> degree in psychology and physiology. He also has a <a title="Doctor of Philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> degree and a <a title="Doctor of Philosophy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy#United_Kingdom">D.Phil.</a> degree in Medicine from <a title="Cambridge University" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University">Cambridge University</a>, a D.Des. degree (Doctor of Design) from the <a title="Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a>, and an <a title="Doctor of Laws" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws">LL.D.</a> degree from the <a title="University of Dundee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dundee">University of Dundee</a>. He holds professorships at the Universities of Malta, Pretoria, Dublin City University, and the University of Central England. The New University of Advancing Technology in Phoenix AZ appointed Dr. de Bono Da Vinci Professor of Thinking in May 2005.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> He is among one of 27 European Union ambassadors for the European Year of Creativity and Innovation 2009. <a title="http://create2009.europa.eu/ambassadors.html" href="http://create2009.europa.eu/ambassadors.html">website</a></p>
<p>He was formerly married, has two sons and resides on the <a title="Channel Islands" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands">Channel Islands</a>.</p>
<p>In 1969 de Bono founded the <a title="Cognitive Research Trust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Research_Trust">Cognitive Research Trust</a> (CoRT) which continues to produce and promote material based on his ideas.</p>
<p>He has written 82 books with translations into 41 languages. He has spent the last 30 years teaching thinking, including working with governments, corporations, organisations and individuals, speaking publicly or privately on many matters. He has started to set up the World Center for New Thinking, based in Malta, which he describes as a &#8220;kind of intellectual <a title="Red Cross" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross">Red Cross</a>&#8220;.</p>
<p>In 1995, he created the futuristic documentary film, <em><a title="2040: Possibilities by Edward de Bono (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2040:_Possibilities_by_Edward_de_Bono&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">2040: Possibilities by Edward de Bono</a></em>, a lecture designed to prepare an audience of viewers released from a cryogenic freeze for contemporary (2040) society.</p>
<p>De Bono has detailed a range of &#8216;deliberate thinking methods&#8217; &#8211; applications emphasizing thinking as a deliberate act rather than a reactive one. His writing style has been lauded for being simple and practical. Avoiding academic terminology, he has advanced <a title="Applied psychology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_psychology">applied psychology</a> by making theories about <a title="Creativity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity">creativity</a> and <a title="Perception" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception">perception</a> into usable tools.</p>
<p>De Bono&#8217;s work has become particularly popular in the sphere of <a title="Business" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business">business</a> &#8211; perhaps because of the perceived need to restructure <a title="Corporation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation">corporations</a>, to allow more flexible working practices and to innovate in products and services. The methods have migrated into corporate training courses designed to help employees and executives</p>
<p>Lateral Thinking</p>
<p>De Bono&#8217;s contention is that everyone should strive to be more creative, but that unstructured creativity such as brainstorming is less effective than following the techniques that he prescribes.</p>
<p>The most comprehensive exposition of de Bono&#8217;s techniques for generating creative ideas was published in his 1992 book, Serious Creativity.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> His work &#8220;The Mechanism of Mind&#8221; is the basis for his theories<sup>[<em><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed">citation needed</a></em>]</sup>.</p>
<p>Direct Teaching of Thinking</p>
<p>De Bono argues that most of the problems in thinking are at the perceptual level &#8211; that is, that many more mistakes are made by people jumping to the wrong conclusion than by behaving irrationally once all the relevant facts are known.</p>
<p>To address this problem, he created attention directing tools under the name of CoRT, later as DATT and also included as Code 2 in the de Bono Code.</p>
<p>As the name suggests, the tools operate by directing peoples&#8217; attention to different aspects of the situation for a couple of minutes. For example, an OPV (Other Peoples&#8217; View) prompts the thinker to list the people (or types of people) who would be affected by a proposed idea. The thinker is then required to imagine what effects that idea would have on each of these different people.</p>
<p>While this may sound like an exercise in altruism, it need not be. Say you&#8217;ve got a selfish desire (eg. you&#8217;re a kid wanting ice cream), then doing an OPV will help you anticipate and plan for other peoples&#8217; responses (eg. &#8220;Mummy, me and Jimmy were thinking that cleaning our rooms to your complete satisfaction might earn us both an ice cream. But we would have to eat these ice-creams immediately to avoid spoiling our dinner.&#8221;).</p>
<p>Schools from over twenty countries have included de Bono&#8217;s thinking tools into their curriculum.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup></p>
<p>Language</p>
<p>De Bono has stated that he regards language as having been both the biggest help and the biggest barrier to human progress.</p>
<p>His contention is that just as language has allowed one generation to pass useful knowledge onto the next, it has also allowed dangerous myths and out-of-date ideas to become enshrined.</p>
<p>Convinced that a key way forward for humanity is better language, he published &#8220;The Edward de Bono Code Book&#8221; in 2000. In this book, he proposed a suite of new words based on numbers, where each number combination represents a useful idea or situation that currently does not have a single-word representation.</p>
<p>For example, de Bono code 6/2 means &#8220;Give me my point of view and I will give you your point of view.&#8221; dBc 6/2 might be used in situations where one or both of two parties in a dispute are making insufficient effort to understand the other&#8217;s perspective.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup></p>
<p>Ideas</p>
<p>In 2000, de Bono advised a U.K <a title="Foreign Office" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office">Foreign Office</a> committee that the <a title="Arab-Israeli conflict" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab-Israeli_conflict">Arab-Israeli conflict</a> might be due, in part, to low levels of <a title="Zinc" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc">zinc</a> found in people who eat <a title="Unleavened bread" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unleavened_bread">unleavened bread</a>, a known side-effect of which is <a title="Aggression" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression">aggression</a>. He suggested shipping out jars of <a title="Marmite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmite">Marmite</a> to compensate. <sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-4">[5]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-independent-marmite-5">[6]</a></sup></p>
<p>He has suggested an alternative to the <a title="Penalty shootout" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout">penalty shootout</a> when a <a title="Soccer" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer">soccer</a> match ends in a draw. If the number of times each goalkeeper touches the ball is recorded throughout the game the results can be compared in the event of a draw. The team whose goalkeeper has touched the ball more often is the loser. The winner will then be the team that has had more attempts at scoring goals and is more aggressive (and therefore exciting) in their style of play. This mechanism would avoid the tension of the penalty shoot out. However, some people argue that this method of deciding a drawn match completely ignores the goalkeeper&#8217;s skill which can win a game for a team. If the game goes to a penalty shootout, even though one team may have completely dominated the other, the goalkeeper has kept the scores level. Furthermore the goalkeeper can make highly skilled saves in a penalty shootout and defeat the better team.</p>
<p>In 2007, his <a title="Septoe (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septoe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Septoe</a> idea was given life through a new website. Septoes allow people to distill their wisdom into phrases of exactly seven words.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup></p>
<p>Games</p>
<p>Edward de Bono invented a simple game as a challenge, called the <a title="L Game" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Game">L Game</a>, that requires strategy to win, and &#8216;Concept Snap&#8217;, which requires participants to think of ways in which different objects can be used to perform similar functions. He does contend that what is learned from games tends not to be transferred to thinking in real life.</p>
<p>Critiques</p>
<p>In the <em>Handbook of Creativity</em>, <a title="Robert Sternberg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sternberg">Robert J. Sternberg</a> writes, &#8220;Equally damaging to the scientific study of creativity, in our view, has been the takeover of the field, in the popular mind, by those who follow what might be referred to as a pragmatic approach. Those taking this approach have been concerned primarily with developing creativity, secondarily with understanding it, but almost not at all with testing the validity of their ideas about it.&#8221; Sternberg continues, &#8220;Perhaps the foremost proponent of this approach is Edward De Bono, whose work on lateral thinking and other aspects of creativity has had what appears to be considerable commercial success.&#8221;<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup></p>
<p><em>Frameworks For Thinking</em> is a comprehensive evaluation of 42 popular thinking frameworks conducted by a team of researchers. Regarding Edward De Bono they write, &#8220;[he] is more interested in the usefulness of developing ideas than proving the reliability or efficacy of his approach. There is sparse research evidence to show that generalised improvements in thinking performance can be attributed to training in the use of CoRT or Thinking Hats tools. An early evaluation of CoRT reported significant benefits for Special Educational Needs (SEN) pupils&#8230;. However, in a more recent study with Australian aboriginal children (Ritchie and Edwards, 1996), little evidence of generalisation was found other than in the area of creative thinking.&#8221;<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono</p>
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		<title>Dossier Emoções &#8211; Processos Conativos, Miguel</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2009 11:02:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>miguelpsi</dc:creator>
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		<title>dossier joao</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2009 10:08:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>joao100017</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Emoção, numa definição mais geral, é um impulso neural que move um organismo para a ação. A emoção se diferencia do sentimento, porque, conforme observado, é um estado neuropsicofisiológico (Freitas-Magalhães, 2007) O sentimento, por outro lado, é a emoção filtrada através dos centros cognitivos do cérebro, especificamente o lobo frontal, produzindo uma mudança fisiológica em [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=psico0809.wordpress.com&amp;blog=4871499&amp;post=533&amp;subd=psico0809&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Emoção, numa definição mais geral, é um impulso neural que move um organismo para a ação. A emoção se diferencia do sentimento, porque, conforme observado, é um estado neuropsicofisiológico (Freitas-Magalhães, 2007)  O sentimento, por outro lado, é a emoção filtrada através dos centros cognitivos do cérebro, especificamente o lobo frontal, produzindo uma mudança fisiológica em acréscimo à mudança psico-fisiológica. Daniel Goleman, em seu livro Inteligência Emocional, discute esta diferenciação por extenso.  Etimologia  Etimologicamente, a palavra emoção provém do Latim emotionem, &#8220;movimento, comoção, acto de mover&#8221;. É derivado tardio duma forma composta de duas palavras latinas: ex, &#8220;fora, para fora&#8221;, e motio, &#8220;movimento, acção&#8221;, &#8220;comoção&#8221; e &#8220;gesto&#8221;. Esta formação latina será tomada como empréstimo por todas as línguas modernas européias. A primeira documentação do francês émotion é de 1538. A do inglês emotion é de 1579. O italiano emozione, o português emoção datam do começo do século XVII. Nas duas primeiras línguas, a acepção mais antiga é a de &#8220;agitação popular, desordem&#8221;. Posteriormente, é documentada no sentido de &#8220;agitação da mente ou do espírito&#8221;.  A palavra aparece normalmente denotando a natureza imediata dessa agitação nos humanos e a forma em que é experimentada por eles, ainda que em algumas culturas e em certos modos de pensamento é atribuída a todos os seres vivos. A comunidade científica aplica-a na linguagem da psicologia, desde o século XIX, a toda criatura que mostra respostas complexas similares às que os humanos se referem geralmente como emoção.  [editar] Emoção cognitiva  Cognição diz respeito ao conhecimento, então, emoção cognitiva é aquela que sentimos e sabemos definir o porque de senti-la. Um bom exemplo é quando vemos alguém atirar com uma arma em nossa direção e sabemos que são tiros de festim. Provavelmente nossa emoção é menor do que se não soubessemos a respeito do festim. A avaliação cognitiva é importante pois através dela podemos aprender a controlar uma determinada emoção.</p>
<p>sentimentos:</p>
<p><strong>Sentimentos</strong>, de forma genérica, são informações que seres biológicos são capazes de sentir nas situações que vivenciam. Por exemplo, <a title="Medo" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medo">medo</a> é uma informação de que há risco, ameaça ou perigo direto para o próprio ser ou para interesses correlatos.</p>
<p>A <a title="Empatia" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empatia">empatia</a> é informação sobre os sentimentos dos outros. Esta informação não resulta necessariamente na mesma reação entre os receptores, mas varia, dependendo da competência em lidar com a situação, e como isso se relaciona com experiências passadas e outros fatores.</p>
<p>O <a title="Sistema límbico" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_l%C3%ADmbico">sistema límbico</a> é a parte do <a title="Cérebro" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9rebro">cérebro</a> que processa os sentimentos e emoções. A <a title="Medicina" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina">medicina</a>, <a title="Biologia" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologia">biologia</a>, <a title="Filosofia" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia">filosofia</a> e a <a title="Psicologia" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia">psicologia</a> estudam o sentimento humano.</p>
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<p><a id="Valores_inatos" name="Valores_inatos"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Valores inatos</span></h2>
<p><a title="Abraham Maslow" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a>, professor de <a title="Harvard" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard">Harvard</a>, comentou que todos os seres humanos nascem com um senso inato de valores pessoais positivos e negativos. Somos atraídos por valores pessoais positivos tais como justiça, honestidade, verdade, beleza, humor, vigor, poder (mas não poder abusivo), ordem (mas não preciosismo ou perfeccionismo), inteligência (mas não convencimento ou arrogância). Da mesma forma, somos repelidos por injustiça, morbidez, feiúra, fraqueza, falsidade, engano, caos etc. Maslow também declara que valores pessoais positivos são definíveis somente em termos de todos os outros valores pessoais positivos &#8211; em outras palavras, não podemos maximizar qualquer virtude e deixar que ela contenha quaisquer valores pessoais negativos sem repulsa.</p>
<p>Por exemplo, a beleza que está associada com o engano se torna repulsiva. A justiça associada com a crueldade é repulsiva. Esta capacidade inata de sentir atração ou repulsão é o fundamento da <a title="Moralidade" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralidade">moralidade</a> &#8211; em outras palavras, sentimentos bem entendidos formam a capacidade interior com a qual nascemos para chegar ao que pensamos ser bom/mau e certo/errado.</p>
<p>Este ponto de vista contrasta agudamente com alguns ensinamentos extremistas de algumas religiões e ideais políticos, que querem estabelecer o que é moral &#8211; que os humanos nascem num vácuo moral e que é somente a autoridade quem pode dizer aos seres humanos o que é certo e errado. A exploração extremista dos sentimentos aumenta na medida em que os sentimentos não são apenas distingüidos, mas mesmo separados do pensamento crítico.</p>
<p>Algumas religiões, entretanto (algumas correntes atuais do <a title="Cristianismo" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo">cristianismo</a>), acreditam que o ser humano nasce com princípios morais a ele inatos, e nele colocados por <a title="Deus" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus">Deus</a>. E que a &#8220;imagem e semelhança&#8221; ao Deus criador, citada no livro de <a title="Gênesis" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAnesis">Gênesis</a> da <a title="Bíblia" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia">Bíblia</a> cristã, se referiria na verdade à imagem e semelhança moral a esse Deus criador, e não à aparência física do Deus cristão. Chegando a uma conclusão próxima à de <a title="Abraham Maslow" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a>, porém não científica.</p>
<p><a id="Disposi.C3.A7.C3.A3o_mental" name="Disposi.C3.A7.C3.A3o_mental"></a></p>
<h2><span class="editsection"></span> <span class="mw-headline">Disposição mental</span></h2>
<p>Atualmente o termo sentimento é também muito usado para designar uma disposição mental, ou de propósito, de uma pessoa para outra ou para algo. Os sentimentos assim, seriam ações decorrentes de decisões tomadas por uma pessoa.</p>
<p>Por exemplo, o amor não é o conjunto de emoções (sensações corporais) que a pessoa sente por outra ou algo, mas o ato de sempre decidir pelo bem ou a favor de outrem ou algo, independente das circunstâncias. As sensações físicas sentidas surgem como conseqüência da decisão de amar. Este sentimento é chamado por muitos estudiosos como ágape, ou amor ágape. Já as sensações que a atração física que uma pessoa sente por outra produzem em alguém, não podem ser chamadas de amor, ou de algum tipo de sentimento, mas apenas emoções (sensações corporais), conseqüentes do instinto que levou essa pessoa a sentir atração física pela outra.</p>
<p>Nesta concepção, um sentimento é uma decisão (disposição mental) que alguém toma em sua mente, ou alma, ou espírito, a respeito de outrem ou algo. Por este conceito, toda e qualquer palavra que denota emoções quando usada, pode ser classificada como sentimento quando se refere a algo que podemos ou não escolher fazer (se é um ato pode-se cometê-lo ou não, não é um instinto fora do controle da consciência) ou seja, que possua uma forma verbal. Exemplos:</p>
<ul>
<li>Amor &#8211; Amar (pode-se ou não cometer o ato de amar, a si mesmo, a outrem ou a algo);</li>
<li>Ódio &#8211; Odiar (pode-se ou não cometer o ato de odiar, a si mesmo, a outrem ou a algo);</li>
<li>Alegria &#8211; Alegrar (pode-se ou não cometer o ato de alegrar, a si mesmo, a outrem ou a algo);</li>
<li>Tristeza &#8211; Entristecer (pode-se ou não cometer o ato de entristecer, a si mesmo, a outrem ou a algo);</li>
<li>e outros&#8230;</li>
</ul>
<p>Estes sentimentos (estas decições ou disposições mentais) porém, vão promover emoções no corpo que, estas sim, serão sentidas. Por isso, uma pessoa que ama outra, por haver tomado essa decisão de amar essa outra, mesmo depois de sofrer algum mal cometido pela pessoa amada, pode continuar amando-a, muitas vezes sem entender como pode amar ao mesmo tempo que sente a emoção característica do momento da ira, ou da dor da traição, ou alguma outra emoção que, racionalmente, poderia conduzir a pessoa que ama a querer deixar de amar.</p>
<p>Um problema que pode confundir o entendimento nesta concepção do que é sentimento, é o fato de que, geralmente, os nomes usados pra se referir a um sentimento, também são os mesmos usados pra se referir às emoções mais características destes mesmos sentimentos..</p>
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		<title>Dossier Emoções Hélder</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2009 10:03:56 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Dossier Emoções, afectos e sentimentos</title>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2009 10:00:10 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>As emoções</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2009 10:34:25 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[1. Emoções, Afectos e Sentimentos 2. Componentes das Emoções 3. Perspectivas sobre as Emoções 1. Emoções, afectos e sentimentos O bem maior do homem é a realização completa de sua razão, quando ela consegue dominar os seus sentimentos e desejos e a partir daí, todos eles perdem seu sentido de ser. É comum a idéia [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=psico0809.wordpress.com&amp;blog=4871499&amp;post=526&amp;subd=psico0809&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>1.	 Emoções, Afectos e Sentimentos<br />
2.	Componentes das Emoções<br />
3.	Perspectivas sobre as Emoções</p>
<p>1.	Emoções, afectos e sentimentos</p>
<p>O bem maior do homem é a realização completa de sua razão, quando ela consegue dominar os seus sentimentos e desejos e a partir daí, todos eles perdem seu sentido de ser.<br />
É comum a idéia de que, quando a mente humana entra em ação, em primeiro lugar se formou o pensamento. Mas, numa camada mais profunda do que aquela em que se forma o pensamento, surge o sentimento, que gera o pensamento.<br />
As pessoas pensam porque sentem<br />
A força criativa não é acionada diretamente pelo pensamento. Toda ação criativa é decorrente de um sentimento. Portanto, os sentimentos desempenham um papel muito importante, porque são eles que acionam todos os pensamentos e a materialização das ações.<br />
  A Mente Subconsciente é a sede de todas as emoções, de todos os sentimentos. A Mente Consciente é apenas uma área mental onde são registrados as emoções e os sentimentos já experimentados. Esta é a razão porque as emoções e os sentimentos gravados na Mente Subconsciente se manifestam com tanta força.<br />
E, chega o momento onde é fundamental diferenciar emoções de sentimentos, pois existe muita confusão. Na verdade emoções e sentimentos caminham muito perto um do outro. Até porque, afloram do mesmo ponto da mente, o subconsciente, embora as emoções sejam mais reptilianas (primitivas, instintivas, carentes de uma censura), enquanto os sentimentos são emoções que já passaram por filtros conscienciais e espirituais.<br />
A grande diferença está no processo evolutivo do indivíduo, ou seja, se ele aceita ser movido: pelos instintos e a irracionalidade &#8211; emoção<br />
OU<br />
pela espiritualidade, assumindo seu livre-arbítrio e todas as suas conseqüências &#8211; sentimento<br />
A emoção é um estado afetivo intenso, muito complexo, proveniente da REAÇÃO, ao mesmo tempo mental e orgânica, sob a influência de certas excitações internas ou externas. Na emoção existe forte influência dos instintos, das inferioridades e da não-racionalidade.<br />
O sentimento se distingue basicamente da emoção por estar revestido de um número maior de elementos intelectuais e racionais. No sentimento já existe alguma elaboração no sentido do entendimento e compreensão. No sentimento já acontece uma aproximação da reflexão e do livre-arbítrio, da espiritualidade e da racionalidade ou evolução humana.<br />
Alegria é um sentimento. Euforia é emoção. </p>
<p>A alegria é espontânea, na maioria das vezes não depende de um motivo ou causa, ela simplesmente acontece e transborda. Ela é calma e contagiante. A euforia atropela, é inadequada, incomoda e é pouco diplomática. Normalmente, após a euforia seguem quadros de frustração, depressão e apatia.<br />
Tristeza é um sentimento. Depressão é emoção.<br />
A tristeza é inevitável em algumas situações da vida, mas ela pode ser vivenciada juntamente com a paz, porque acontece a compreensão de que tudo é passageiro e transitório, como também aprendizado.<br />
Medo é um sentimento. Pânico é emoção.<br />
Os medos são muitos e até servem como autoproteção, autopreservação ou alerta. Mas o medo constante, sem motivo aparente ou real, que paralisa, revela falta de lucidez e confiança. Coragem (coração + ação) é fazer com medo.<br />
Raiva é um sentimento. Ódio é emoção.<br />
É humano expressamos o sentimento de raiva, até como um posicionamento, um discernimento. Mas este sentimento deve ser rápido, passageiro, o tempo de aprender como transformá-lo em atitudes realizadoras, oportunidades do exercício da paciência, tolerância e compreensão. Jamais deixe que a raiva se transforme em mágoa, rancor ou ódio, pois este é o caminho da autodestruição.<br />
Amor é um sentimento. Paixão é emoção.<br />
O Amor anima e liberta. Junto com a paixão vêm de brinde o ciúme, a dor, insegurança e a possessividade.<br />
Existem três tipos de sentimentos:<br />
Agradáveis<br />
Desagradáveis<br />
Neutros</p>
<p>  Quando temos um sentimento desagradável, desejamos evitá-lo. Porém, o ideal é voltar à respiração consciente, que vai oxigenar, trazer clareza e apenas observá-lo, identificando-o em silêncio.<br />
Note: Inspirando, tomo consciência de que há um sentimento desagradável em mim. Expirando, percebo claramente que há um sentimento desagradável em mim. Raiva, tristeza ou medo, nomeado e identificado com clareza, fica mais sincera e profunda e forma de lidar com ele.</p>
<p>2.	Componentes das emoções<br />
  Cognição diz respeito ao conhecimento, então, emoção cognitiva é aquela que sentimos e sabemos definir o porque de senti-la. Um bom exemplo é quando vemos alguém atirar com uma arma em nossa direcção e sabemos que são tiros de festim. Provavelmente nossa emoção é menor do que se não soubéssemos a respeito do festim. A avaliação cognitiva é importante pois através dela podemos aprender a controlar uma determinada emoção.</p>
<p>Componente cognitiva<br />
Componente avaliativa<br />
Componente fisiológica<br />
Componente expressiva<br />
Componente comportamental<br />
Componente subjectiva</p>
<p>3.Perspectivas sobre as emoções<br />
.Perspectiva evolutiva<br />
Poucas ideias mudaram tão profundamente nossa visão da natureza como a de mudança que implica na evolução dos seres vivos.<br />
Realizado pelo time de Biologia Evolutiva da Monografia AD<br />
Os organismos biológicos se agrupam em unidades naturais de reprodução que denominamos espécies. As espécies que agora povoam a Terra procedem de outras espécies diferentes que existiram no passado, através de um processo de descendência com modificação.<br />
A evolução biológica é o processo histórico de transformação de algumas espécies em outras espécies descendentes, e inclui a extinção da grande maioria das espécies que existiram. Uma das ideias mais românticas contidas na evolução da vida é aque dois organismos vivos quaisquer, por diferentes que sejam, compartilham um antecessor comum em algum momento do passado.<br />
Nós e qualquer chimpanzé actual compartilhamos um antepassado desde algo como 5 milhões anos. Também temos um antecessor comum com qualquer das bactérias hoje existentes, ainda que o tempo a este antecessor se remonte neste caso a mais de 3 bilhões de anos.<br />
A ideia de evolução por modificação e derivação de novas espécies implica na existência de antepassados comuns para qualquer par de espécies. Há um antepassado comum do homem e o chimpanzé, e do homem e as bactérias.<br />
A evolução é o grande princípio unificador da Biologia, sem ela não é possível entender nem as propriedades distintivas dos organismos, suas adaptações; nem as relações de maior ou menor proximidade que existem entre as diferentes espécies.<br />
A teoria evolutiva se relaciona com o resto da biologia de forma análoga como o estudo da história se relaciona com as ciências sociais. A famosa frase do genético evolucionista Theodosius Dobzhansky nada mais é do que uma aplicação particular do princípio mais geral que afirma que nada pode entender-se sem uma perspectiva histórica.</p>
<p>.Perspectiva Cognitivista</p>
<p>A perspectiva cognitivista da motivação merece, na actualidade, de maior credibilidade científica comparativamente às concepções mecanicistas, sendo estas últimas consideradas por alguns autores (v.g. Ford, 1992; Weiner, 1992) como contributivas da crise da Psicologia da Motivação.<br />
De facto, a perspectiva cognitivista apresenta-se como uma mais valia no estudo da motivação por possuir um enquadramento mais actual e que resulta da defesa de que o princípio básico do funcionamento dos motivos é a persistência da tensão ou da homeoquinesia, do reconhecimento de que todo o comportamento humano é motivado e personalizado e que o sujeito é agente activo e selectivo do seu comportamento – e não passivo e reactivo –, estruturando-o em função das metas a atingir e das oportunidades fornecidas pelas situações. Ou seja, o cognitivismo acresce à explicação do comportamento, uma dimensão temporal de futuro, não o definindo, somente, em função da experiência passada, como era defendido pelo behaviorismo e psicanalismo (Abreu, 1980; Abreu, 1982; Jesus, 1995).<br />
Passa-se, então, da fórmula “S-R” e “S-O-R”, – contendo variáveis organísmicas intermediárias – para a fórmula “S-C-R” onde os processos cognitivos são tidos como mediadores do comportamento. Ou seja, as teorias cognitivistas assumem que as situações ou estímulos (S) não levam a reacções (comportamentais ou emocionais) (R) de um modo automático, directo ou mecanicista. Ao invés, baseiam-se no pressuposto de que as cognições (C) têm um papel mediador entre os estímulos e as reacções.<br />
Segundo Lemos (1993), as teorias psicológicas de cariz cognitivista: especificam a forma como os indivíduos seleccionam, processam, armazenam, evocam e avaliam informação acerca de si próprios e do meio ambiente; concebem que o processamento cognitivo dos acontecimentos determina, em grande parte, a maneira como o sujeito se comporta e se sente; abandonam as concepções do comportamento como determinado, quer por características da situação quer, por características gerais e estáveis de personalidade, através de mecanismos automáticos.<br />
Ou seja, “no contexto da valorização dos processos cognitivos na determinação do comportamento, o estudo da motivação foca-se nos processos cognitivos mediadores entre o indivíduo e a situação, processos estes que são sobretudo processos de avaliação, julgamentos” (Lemos, 1993, p. 15).<br />
Por outro lado, as teorias cognitivistas negam a primazia dos conceitos de necessidade ou de “drive” como impulsores da acção, abarcando, deste modo, uma maior variabilidade de comportamentos humanos nomeadamente os que são direccionados para novos objectivos, independentes do funcionamento orgânico e nunca antes experienciados. A explicação da acção só é possível através da ponderação dos processos cognitivos, constituindo estes o meio pelo qual o sujeito adquire conhecimento, avalia o seu significado e valor e orienta a sua acção (Paixão, 1996).<br />
Nesta perspectiva “valorizam-se os processos de pensamento intervenientes na sequência pensamento-acção, tais como as expectativas, as intenções, os objectivos, as percepções e as crenças acerca de si próprio e das situações” (Lemos, 1993, p. 16).<br />
Assim, as abordagens cognitivistas da motivação valorizam os determinantes subjectivos do comportamento e acentuam o papel fundamental dos factores subjectivos na determinação do comportamento, isto é, centram o estudo da motivação no interior do indivíduo (opondo-se à perspectivação do indivíduo motivado como um reactor às situações em que se insere), reconhecendo o papel activo do sujeito na estruturação da sua acção.</p>
<p>Deste modo, “ao acentuar o papel dos processos cognitivos, a experiência passada e o contexto presente deixam de ser concebidos como determinantes inelutáveis ou automáticos do comportamento” (Lemos, 1993, p. 17). O papel da experiência passada e da aprendizagem no comportamento consiste em fornecer os meios através dos quais o sujeito procura atingir o objectivo.<br />
De resto, neste tipo de abordagens, a previsão de cenários futuros é vista como um importante determinante da acção, isto é: quando pensa, o sujeito pode facilmente saltar dos efeitos para as causas, dos consequentes para os antecedentes, a sua capacidade de reversibilidade liberta os processos cognitivos das limitações físicas, temporais e especiais, o que lhe permite todas as tentativas e erros, a exploração, a combinação e construção activa (Lemos, 1993).</p>
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